|
|
Cognitive abilities in reptiles: individual learning ability vs. interspecies comparison
Víšková, Linda ; Landová, Eva (advisor) ; Kverková, Kristina (referee)
The cognitive abilities of "reptiles" have long been a neglected topic compared to research on cognition in two other groups of tetrapods - mammals and birds. Recently, however, studies testing selected aspects of various cognitive abilities in "reptiles" have become quite abundant. In this thesis, the different types of cognitive tasks studied were determined (focusing on numerical abilities, spatial learning, reversal learning, visual discrimination, social learning, "problem-solving" or operant conditioning) and then the methods of testing them in "reptiles" were discussed in detail. Subsequently, within the paraphyletic group "reptiles", the given cognitive abilities for each family (and specific species) were mapped with respect to their phylogeny. A general problem in some studies was the smaller number of subjects tested (minimum 1, maximum 559, median 15) relative to the often great number of factors studied (minimum 1, maximum 14, median 4) and the wide interindividual variability in cognitive performance. Although the amount of work on the cognitive abilities of "reptiles" has been rising over the last decade, qualitative analysis suggests the presence of simpler types of cognition. A quantitative or phylogenetic analysis of "reptilian" cognitive abilities has so far been precluded by low...
|
|
|
Towards a general model of cultural inheritance
Hillerová, Pavlína ; Tureček, Petr (advisor) ; Šaffa, Gabriel (referee)
Hypertrophied human culture is based on a specific propensity for social learning. During the transmission of information, a myriad of external and internal influences act on both the transmitor and recipient. Previous studies have focused on various biases (prestige bias, which causes, among others, a tendency to learn from older and more experienced individuals, or negative information bias, which makes us more likely to remember what to avoid etc.) that influence which cultural variants will successfully spread and how they will evolve. Some works delve into (among other things, bias-induced) cultural attraction, i.e., the tendency to transform information in a particular direction, while others treat cultural elements as genes; as nearly immutable entities. Almost all of them, however, (1.) model culture as composed from discrete entities and (2.) move within a single framework that they try to explore thoroughly. The present thesis attempts to bridge these gaps and to show the possibilities of studying cultural traits on a continuous scale. Using data from an application styled as a trivia guessing game, it aims to quantify the influence of different factors on the transmission of cultural information. Participants are presented with previous participants' estimates of different lengths, weights and...
|
|
|
Bedřich Vašek and the "Christian Sociology" in the Context of the Development of the Church's Social Teaching in the First Half of the 20th Century. Implications for the 21st Century
M. Demartini, Lenka ; Ovečka, Libor (advisor) ; Štica, Petr (referee) ; Halama, Jindřich (referee)
The dissertation seeks an answer to the question of the content of the somewhat paradoxical phrase "Christian sociology", specifically the content of Christian sociology as conceived by the Moravian scholar of the first half of the 20th century Bedřich Vašek (1882-1959). At the same time, however, as a result of the insights brought by the research itself, the original thesis was supplemented by the question of the current state of this specific rejuvenating field. The idea of Christian sociology remained virtually dormant from the 1950s until the later 1970s. The revival of the field can be seen as an apparent response to both the methodological changes of the Second Vatican Council and the advent of postmodern society. The research has provided a wealth of stimuli for exploring the relationship between the historical phenomenon of Christian sociology and contemporary notions of the Christian or Catholic perspective in sociology and, more broadly, the relationship between the social doctrine of the Church, theology and sociology in international and domestic settings. Through a specifically chosen methodological approach, which combines the study of authentic papal documents from the first half of the 20th century, the study of archival materials related to the person of Bedřich Vašek, the...
|
|
|
The role of imprinting-like effects and social learning for persistence of variability of iris and hair color in European population
Joudal, Lukáš ; Kleisner, Karel (advisor) ; Bártová, Klára (referee)
In bachelor's thesis I deal with the influence of various factors on the color of hair and eyes of the European population. In Europe, many still find blond and light eye colour population despite there is much darker colored populations. Here are some of the mechanisms causing maintain high polymorphism in the European population. The first part of bachelor's thesis focuses on a brief description of the structure of the European population. The thesis also discusses the genetic determination of hair and eyes, its diversity and the differences of the population from the populations of Asia and Africa. In the next section, we discuss the emergence and spread of recessive alleles light eye color a blonde in Europe, particularly northern Europe. The following is a description of the mechanisms influencing the propagation and conservation of recessive alleles. In the penultimate chapter describes the relationship between the morphology of the face and eye color, and the last chapter summarizes the effects mentioned in the previous chapters and their effect on the length of the relationship between partners.
|
|
|
Socializing processes during the child's adaptation in the kindergarten
Šafránková, Tereza ; Koťátková, Soňa (advisor) ; Opravilová, Eva (referee)
The dissertation is concerned with socializing processes of pre-school children around three years of age. The first theoretical part is globally concerned with personality socialization and highlights the significance of socialization in the healthy psychical progression of human beings, as well as the importance of understanding the problems of socialization for the pedagogical profession. This knowledge is specific and generalized in a situational context when the child comes to the kindergarten for the first time and gets slowly untied from the family, developing new relationships outside the family sphere. Socialization in the kindergarten is influenced by many internal and external factors. These factors matter if the child coming to the new kindergarten environment will incorporate to this society without any complications. If any complications appear during the incorporation, internal and external factors also influence the period how long they will last and also they influence the manner how the child will manage them as well. Adaptation programm can facilitate the entrance to the kindergarten for parents and their children. By means of this support programme, alongside the familiar person, children can gradually get acquainted with the new kindergarten environment even before the start of...
|
|
|
Learning through experience, its potential, mechanisms and connected phenomena
Kos, Andrej ; Smetáčková, Irena (advisor) ; Štech, Stanislav (referee)
This thesis aims to illuminate the potential for personal growth in learning through experience. The paper also tries to describe the principles of learning and connected phenomena and the mechanisms, through which its acteurs gain the option to achieve personal growth. To support its theoretical claims, an observation has been conducted in the duration of circa four months among three after-school activity groups. The observed phenomena have then been interpreted in terms of theoretical concepts of learning, experiencing, the dynamics of small groups and personal growth provided earlier in the paper. Based on the observation, a system of "learning situations" has been constructed and its characteristics and mechanism, through which its acteurs can achieve personal growth, explained. Key words: Learning, social learning, group activities, free-time activities, personal growth, leadership, social attachement
|
|
|
The Harry Potter project at the primary school in the context of class relations
Pleskačová, Šárka ; Wildová, Radka (advisor) ; Linková, Marie (referee)
This thesis deals with the definition of the project and thematic teaching as a tool for improvement of class environment and relationships between students. The thesis defines the concept of class environment and identifies some causes of changes in class environment, together with methods of its measurement. It identifies some desirable relationships between students that are influenced by the class environment and on the other hand those relationships that influence the environment. The motivation is briefly described, it is divided in two groups: inner and outer motivation and it is observed in terms of behaviour and learning. The thesis also mentions several ways of working with the collective in terms of key competences set out in The Framework Educational Programme for Basic Education from June 2017. Specifically, it describes the project, thematic teaching, classroom appearance and drama education as one of the possible methods and techniques for working with a collective. The theoretical part is concluded with a detailed description and reflection of the Harry Potter project which took place in both of the studied classes. The practical part consists of two types of questionnaires. The first questionnaire Our class examines environmental changes in classes examined during the Harry Potter...
|
|
|
Interspecific comparison of social learning of food aversions in tits
Mitlenerová, Barbora ; Exnerová, Alice (advisor) ; Sedláček, František (referee)
Social learning in animals is a frequently studied topic, including birds. Great tits belong to frequently tested passerine species in this context. For this experiment we have chosen another tit species as model birds - adult and juvenile blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) and coal tits (Periparus ater). We tested an effect of social information on discrimination learning between palatable and unpalatable prey. Red and green artificial prey items resembling shieldbugs with a mealworm glued underneath were offered to birds. One variant was palatable, the other was unpalatable, soaked in bitter substance. Experimental groups were allowed to observe a pretrained tutor of the same species choosing palatable prey variant and rejecting the unpalatable one. The birds were then subjected to an individual discrimination learning task with simultaneously offered palatable and unpalatable prey items. The control group was not allowed to observe tutor and learned only individually. On the following day, all birds participated in a memory test. We tested if social information has an influence on avoidance learning in juvenile and adult birds of both species. We found that both species of tits were similarly successful in discrimination learning and there was no difference in success in performance between adult...
|
|
|
Revivalist, historian, apologist Matěj Procházka (1811-1889)
Řeháková, Veronika ; Pospíšil, Ctirad Václav (advisor) ; Šmíd, Marek (referee) ; Weis, Martin (referee)
in English The following work is about Matěj Procházka (1811-1889), an important figure of national and ecclesiastical life in Moravia in 19th century and a member of the circle around Professor František Sušil, the-so-called Sušilova družina. The detailed biography presented here is the result of historical research into resource materials from several different archives in Moravia. This work examines three main periods of Procházka's life. He spent his childhood and student years, firstly, in his native town of Brtnice, then in Jihlava and Brno. After ordination, he served as a priest for sixteen years in different parishes of Brno diocese. Then he lived in Brno for nearly forty years while working as a secondary grammar school teacher and catechist and being involved in different activities, such as the Czech national revival, Catholic associations, education, and especially, publishing. This work maps the importance of the personage of Matěj Procházka as seen by his contemporaries and by following generations up to the present. It also brings out the overall characteristics of this priest. A part of this study is a new and enlarged bibliography of Procházka's works, as writer, journalist, translator, reviewer, poet, and author of scientific and scholarly treatises. In his works, he covered a...
|
|
|
Cognitive abilities in reptiles and relevant research methodology
Polonyiová, Alexandra ; Němec, Pavel (advisor) ; Landová, Eva (referee)
Reptiles are a neglected group in the study of cognitive abilities of Amniota. Due to their phylogenetic relationship with birds and mammals, knowledge about reptile brains and cognition is important to understanding their evolution in other amniote groups. In this thesis, I summarized the literature on cognitive abilities in reptiles, which focuses on spatial orientation, such as orientation based on visual cues or compass navigation, associative learning, mainly visual discrimination and operant conditioning, and social learning. It has been shown that some reptilian species are capable of flexible behaviour and, given the right methodology, can successfully solve a number of cognitive tasks. I also briefly treated the size and structure of reptile brains, providing the neural substrate for these abilities. Keywords: reptile, cognitive abilities, brain size, brain structure, spatial orientation, associative learning, social learning
|
guest ::
